The Iconosphere
Putting
words to cognitive phenomena in moments of shared or private life-space seems
to be our most distinctive species-specific feature. Talking with others, and
talking with ourselves. And logging. The invention and
use of numbers, hieroglyphs, and later the alphabets, (separating the
languages, self-fulfilling the myth of the ill planned Tower of Babel (with its
left hemisphere bias) is what has
brought us to the Obama-decennium and the new options for global brotherhood
and outreach.
Dynamic virtual
social networks (including senior and patient networks, etc.) are now growing
up, and citizens with mobiles, SMS and WWW can suddenly play on our "own
court," with biographical unique e-identity, and/or many pseudonyms. And
writing is now embedded in – and potentially self-documenting - audiovisual
time-space fields, with photos, video clips, voice recordings and
conversation-records.
I have studied
this frontier field from its first rudiments in the 1980s, and have reached to
a new category of characters for logging of everyday life’s typical acts and
events. This is a principal solution that can bridge the gap between text and
image universe, both for the individual and in virtual social networks. I
introduce a pictorial writing, to ease our PC logging of everyday life
phenomena, multimedia dialogues and correspondence for entirely private
confidential personal use. But the possibility that we may also use it in
our correspondence with others will also appear as soon as basic pictorial
fonts are shared, e.g., in a patient network.
Practical agency in the
individual life world implies categories of relevance, which can be considered
as elements, molecules and strings of habits. The everyday routines in the home – often
considered as trivia - are extensively describable in narrative language, there
are thousands of typicality’s for which the citizen has concept, and most have
words in one or more languages. But referring descriptively to them by words in
languages is cumbersome.
Already back in
the early 80s, working with an experimental apartment, I found that a short cut
to overview and understand the processes and events in a family-home was to use
small pictures, fitted to represent what took place when and where for the
individual inhabitant(s). There are so many typical generally recognizable
phenomena in everyday bodily life in our home, in the daily and weekly life,
including the well-known bodily functions and household functions. I started
then - in collaboration with students of methods of qualitative research - to
construct a system of pictograms for this descriptive purpose. And then the
technological development suddenly offered a new opportunity.
I found a second shortcut to the pictorial shorthand needed by avoiding the
bit-mapped icon-format, and instead using the character-format, i.e. designing
glyphs in a font-suite.
Now, as to general use of an
electronic-bridge journaling, we have an apparent dilemma: people, who are
active, engaged and involved in life and fellow humans, living under
information overload, will have all too much to tell their electronic diaries.
Involved with other humans and other tasks, there are only small and sparse
time-windows for reporting to the diary. Describing everyday life with words is
disproportionally time-consuming, and so some kind of shorthand would be
convenient. The everyday stream of
thought, of consciousness or of subjective life and agency is to a wide extent
language-independent, and not in the form of propositional thought. But there
is a division of labor between the two cerebral hemispheres, of which usually
the left is handling language in words, whereas the other, so called recessive
hemisphere, usually the right, is dealing in images and sensory-motor figures (Sperry, R.W., M.S. Gazzaniga, and J.E. Bogen, 1969) (Levy, J. 1974).
The development of human
civilizations is, as said, intrinsically based on development of
spoken language. And the invention of writing, with its origin in images (the
hieroglyphs) is a crucial turning point. But writing has, for millennia,
developed in force of a minimal number of letters in alphabets, and basically
tied to the sounds of spoken language. The original track of the hieroglyphs,
writing with images, has been out of bounds to the handwriting-, typewriting-
and printing-cultures, simply because general picture-alphabets had to include
so many more characters. The international use of traffic signs was the first
forceful penetration to the general public of modern hieroglyphs. And since
computers entered the scene and reproduction of such pictures were facilitated,
the modern world is replete with icons, pictograms, glyphs, used to identify
typicality’s of brand, origin, qualities, functions, actions and behaviors of
goods, men and machines. We see simple non-verbal symbols heavily used, not
only in traffic, but in vehicles, hospitals, newspapers and in most mechanical
and electronic tools, including their manuals, toolbars and controls, and even
on the child's toys, the clothes we wear and the containers of the foods we
eat. Their communicative value lies partly in their at-a-glance recognizability,
one-letter briefness, colourability and resizeability. But their cross-language
understandability is, in force of migration and globalization of the market, a
further incentive to extend their use.
Now, in the habits of everyday personal life, typicality’s abound. In dealing
with the communication-handicapped, programs have been developed which offer a
rich variety of icons for symbol and image-based interpersonal communication
about everyday life. But they are bit-mapped pictures, and mainly bound to
licensed software. However, pictograms can be considered as a species of
characters. Symbol fonts are in fact produced and marketed. This implies that a
basic diary writing, which can report habitual situations, everyday events and
activities with pictograms as single dedicated characters, understandable even
to the illiterate and the child, is a logical possibility. But, the number of
keys on keyboards being limited.The entry of icons must take place instead of
the entry of words. The solution presented here is to let the user choose and
distribute pictograms, stored as characters in a font suite, as screen buttons.
Users can arrange and rearrange them on a principal screen-window, surrounding
a central scroll field, where text is entered, and they can then, with a single
mouse-click, be entered in the (time-indexed) text-lines of the diary. Actually,
the day card of the diary is a potentially revolving stage-scene to the user’s
own body map, virtual home, virtual neighborhood, etc, where pictogram-buttons
also can be placed, contextualized and grouped according to such structured
topologies.
The idea of using glyphs to support the verbal journaling and reflection of
personal phenomena may sound like an attempt to square the circle. But understanding
such glyphs, not as objective classifications, but as private signs of
contextualized subjective phenomena points to a future of shared/folk-taxonomy
alphabets for the more or less global typicality’s of phenomenal event in
habitats and in bodies.
The glyphs developed amount presently only to approximately 450, and many are
lousy and inadequate. A series of them are not available in Windows version
etc. But there are presently 12 root-stems, ready for inclusion of many, many
more glyphs.
For some, the use of such glyphs in their diary may be uninviting. For others, especially
individuals with limited reading writing capacities, lacking language-skills,
or anybody in situations where motive for journaling is strong, but time or
energy is short, glyphs may provide convenient provisional shorthand.
INSERT FIG.1
Here
Fig.1 Glyphs distributed in 12 fonts
I am certainly not proud to
present this preliminary suite of glyphs, with all its weaknesses and
shortcomings. In the menus from which they can be chosen, an explanatory label
is attached to each, and the ones installed by the user keeps their label as a
tool-tip. The glyphs with labels can be
closer inspected in www.phenomenalog.dk/glyphs.htm. The user thus has
access to an extended library of pictograms, primarily referring to more or
less universal all-human – or culture specific - typicality’s of bodily,
domestic and neighbourhood endeavours, pursuits and processes. No user will
need them all. It is essential that it is the user who selects and distributes
wanted icons, tries out chosen samples, and easily removes and replaces them
with others. They facilitate swift logging of habits and events, intermittently
with what may be typed in from the keyboard, reporting in words and sentences,
names, numbers, titles of books and films, feelings, thoughts and reflections.
It is essential that the electronic diary thus can serve both cerebral
hemispheres in timely ways.[1]
The mere use of icons may for some contexts and purposes suffice, under
time-pressure and in cases of language barriers, illiteracy or speech and
language-impairment. For adults in literate culture, however, they may sooner
function as occasional short hand where qualifying words and sentences
(immediately or later) can be added and situated.
An important endeavor will be
to organize network-based mechanisms to evolve pictogram-alphabets for
subjective symptoms and treatments received, within and across major diseases
and chronic conditions. This relates closely to the perspectives of tagging
in networked adaptive information systems for chronic care (Biswas, Martin, Sturmberg 2009) (Martin 2009)
The Body,
the Home and Cyberspace in the Diary
From a psychological viewpoint it is crucial,
that by ensuring for the members of a household a permanent reference to the
solid ground-level of their own particular domestic and bodily time geography,
a personal grounded and rooted stem of self-reference can be grown, that can be
made to function as a convenient core and anchor point for further personal
orientation and reality-testing (Agre, P & Horswill, I, 1997). It implies
the emergence of a new, coherent potential of demonstrative identifying
reference to re-identifiable individual objects, states and event-types in the
private life-world, according to their personal biographical relevance and
provide us new means of self-reflection, evaluation and ordination of past and
possible future operations, states, informative objects and persons (Bjerg, K,
2008).
In this, one’s body constitutes a
necessary frame of reference, even for the healthy person. So, before focussing
on any specific patient target group, we must cooperate to find general formats
for personal body referring over time, in a diary. The day card must include a
window to a 2-D or 3-D map of one’s body. This constitutes a background scene
for distribution of most health relevant glyphs already in the prototype. But
it shall also permit a user to bookmark and comment (more permanent and/or on a
daily base) spots and areas anywhere in one’s body.
General formats are also being created for visualizing in the diary relevant
physiologic parameters over time, beginning with the most obvious -
accumulating tables of sleep length, number of pills, cigarettes, drinks, and
manually entered blood pressure and weight - as basis for occasional
reflections. but aiming toward inclusion of
illness-specific monitoring, e.g., cholesterol, coagulation, glucose, etc, and
zoomable curve-display. Enabling patients to monitor and keep track of bodily
states and symptoms will most certainly be the call of the immediate future.
The above-mentioned potentials of biotelemetry bring it, so to speak,
"under our skin", and highlight the potential intimate, bodily
closeness of this "personal level". Some such data might even, if desirable, be
accepted for sharing with one or more helpers (Bjerg 2009b). Configuring body-state-representational tools
for personal state-reflection is a little-noticed potential, mainly cultivated
in circles working with the concept of biofeedback. But seen as one of many
keys to a sane health-education, such tools of self-knowledge may reveal a
strong prophylactic potential, and thus be worth adding to the domestic tool kit (Baskin, S.M. et al., 2004).
The thinking about social processes around the human
body includes ranges of social workers, doctors, nurses, secretaries, patient
groups, clinics, training facilities etc. And the thinking about technological
process, around the human body, includes ranges of diagnostic, maintenance,
treatment technologies, prescription and journalizing databases. But the
convergence of all these social and technological processes around the human
body has an internal double nucleus -the personal body and the personal home,
what we term the Somasphere and the Oikosphere.
Whatever measures we take in health and medical care, social and technological,
the moment we think of just one citizen we must understand that a convergence
of social and technological processes around the body already exists inside the
information dynamics of the home and the family. We must build a counterpoint to the systems
notion of a patient or client: a view from below, a view from the vantage point
of the person-number, a view from the target of the healthcare, the consumer,
the citizen’s own local and temporal viewpoint, as conscious phenomena in
continued personal cognitive and meta-cognitive processes.
As discussed above, one’s home also
constitutes an essential frame of reference, even for the healthy person. The day card can include a map of the home, being a floor-plan vector
graphic representation, or a richer “furnished” “doll-house” top view. This constitutes a
background scene for distribution of most household-relevant glyphs already in
the prototype. It shall also, in future versions,
permit the user on a daily basis to mark, link and
comment on spots and areas anywhere in one’s home. No doubt such options can
have pragmatic value in all kinds of households, not least in cases of brain
damage rehabilitation and senile dementias.
As the
inclusion of a representation (furnished floor plan) of the user’s own home is
a complicated endeavour – presently out of reach for most users - a more
abstract generalized habitat topology has been designed - the OIKOS –scene.
Insert Fig. 2 here
Figure 2.
This constitutes a topology, relative to which glyph-buttons can be
distributed, and, not least, demands for coming glyphs arise.
But by the recent inclusion
of browser functionality in the diary, the following map may also constitute
one of possible backgrounds of the MYCYBERSPACE window, upon which users, here
enabled to accumulate and organize Internet bookmarks, can distribute
their links, relative to
social-ontological contexts.
Insert fig 3 here
Figure 3
The Personal Interface
My method has been to develop an
investigative tool, which at a minimum could satisfy the needs I met in daily
use on my personal laptop(s) day in and day out, during all seasons of the
year, over a period of 10+ years. The diary opens with a small window on the
screen, from which a user can orient.
Insert fig 4 here
Figure 4.
The moment “Open Diary” is clicked, the full screen is
taken over by a window to the last daycard
Insert Figure 5 here
Fig.5 The immediate presentation of an interface to new users, version 18.1.1
(Colours have had to be removed in all illustrations for this
publication)
But the moment the red bottom right button “Hide” is clicked, it vanishes out
of sight.
Now, this interface is simplified, and users have direct access to furnish it
not only with the glyph buttons they wish, but also with any of the functions
shown in the next image.
Insert Figure 6 here
Fig.6 The full
range of possible fields and functions
Shown below is a realistic impression of how a single (male) user has come to
personalize his own diary:
Insert figure 7 here
Fig.7. “Inhabited”
diary
Ongoing prototyping
The latest version of the program, at the time of this writing (v.
18.1.1) has only been in use by a few relatively healthy persons. This version
is now going to be tested through an appeal to the 4000+ participants in a
Danish senior (age 50+) network (www.ageforce.dk ) to join a
shared WIKI (www.phenomenalog.wikispaces.com ) and
involve themselves as beta-testers, with use of the mutual support amongst
beginners, empowered by this WIKI. The data from this process shall establish
the basis for a thorough revision of the user-interface, beginning extension of
the glyph-fonts, and a new invitation to include a larger sample of the senior
network members. This second phase is scheduled to last a year, and form the
background for translation of the interface to Danish and immigrant languages
(Turkish and Arab), and open the questions of targeting to specific groups of
chronic patients.
Anticipating the expectable
Among the assumptions about the
future going into this developmental agenda are:
1. That the cores of homes and bodies will be massive informational nuclei,
relative to whatever structures the broadband space will offer
2.That the (time-indexical) representational options concerning these nuclei
with digital text, graphics and audio and video and more to come, inevitably
will bloom, as witnessed with mobile technology, digital video-recorders,
mobile monitoring, etc.
The vision of the
future, in which Phenomenalog should fit best, is a global One-Laptop-Per-Child
-> / One-Laptop-Per-Citizen society with free open source software (GNU etc.),
and free wireless peer group and neighborhood networking, embedded in an open
Wikipedia 3rd millennium Babel. To convey a coherent and sufficiently
contextualised understanding of the relevant dimensions of this field, I have
found it necessary in my publications to make a few conceptual extrapolations
into the near future. In so doing, I have introduced three concepts: the
virtual home, the virtual body and the virtual neighbourhood - as logical and
necessary constructs for grounding a coherent notion of the demands to future
domestic information technology (Bjerg, 2000, Bjerg, 2001). A discussion of
these matters should hopefully connect the enterprise at hand with the total
recall universe of Gordon Bell and Gemmel (Bell, 2009), and with the “the sixth
sense technology ”enterprise of Pranav Mistry (Mistry,
2009), and its promises of a wearable gestural interface, e.g. narrating
gloves, 3-D pens, and establishment of shortcuts to create virtual objects
distributable in virtual spaces, like the virtual home. They are thematically
relevant because they can point us to the notion of a fully and coherently
contextualized interface, coming to make it possible in timely ways to refer
and annotate to any location/area within one’s home and any bodily posture and
any location/area on or inside one’s body.
Interfacing the most trusted helper
Seeing client-helper as a special case of future close multimedia
interfacing with trusted others points to important improvements in the long
distance person-to person communicative space. Already advanced
enterprises setting up frameworks for telehomecare, patients treated at home using telemedicine, are
emerging in Denmark, e.g., www.virtuellehospital.dk and www.telekat.dk.To the extent our now-and-here, within-sight and within-reach
info-environments (including desktop) now electronically can be made shareable,
participants can point in real time to postures, spots and areas both in their own
and others’ bodies, paraphernalia, instruments, surroundings, practical
situations, and sequences of typical events. Interfacing the chronic patient
might well empower the patient to display and refer, not only to his body, but
also to his room, even showing, in a conversation, by pointing and looking at
things (Bjerg, 2009).
Citizens will increasingly depend upon, and anchor themselves through
information in and out from their computers. Their acquired orientation,
personal inputs and outputs, trails and landmarks across Internet sites and
neighbourhoods will increasingly reflect and condition their thinking and
problem solving.To the extent the option of showing/sharing what can be seen on
one’s laptop is an evidently relevant feature in future close communication
between laptop users, it enables the sharing of evolving personal patterns of
subjective relevance on the Internet in detail and over time - an important
aspect of health-education. Citizens´ dealing privately with all this – not to
speak of private dealing with IT-tool use – will, also more generally, profit
from being shareable in distance-conversations with close friends and trusted
helpers.
”Patient literacy” and “patient education” explicitly refer to the knowledge
distributed and distributable on websites and WIKI’s. If patient education is
an aspect of shared health-management, it should support telecoaching within
the frames of patients’ further orientation on the Internet. Such added features in interfacing the lonely
handicapped and chronic patients would at least compensate somewhat for the
missing expensive corporeal visits of the helper.
CONCLUSION
In view of the blooming of professional medical technologies, the escalation of
healthcare expenses and the spread of health threatening lifestyles in the
populations, the importance of increasing health-awareness, self-care and
self-monitoring is generally acknowledged, while growing number of chronic
patients is escalating. Public health information is intensified. The profitable marketing of drugs,
health-related facilities, training, remedies and tools is exploding. But the
evolving of patient-driven networks and shared blogging gives unexpected
promises of support to the individual patient.
The only problem is, that while tremendous efforts and
results are obtained to digitalize and train the medical establishment, the
chronic patients are left at their own to learn, how to handle a computer,
establish e-mail contact, and to hook up to whatever the digitized medical
society has to offer. Therefore the citizen health situation has to be
re-examined in the light of the global spread of notebook computers and
networks. Personal healthcare and health-related interfacing of the future shall
be considered as just one dimension of the citizen’s general interfacing
him/herself through the everyday use of a personal notebook computer.
We must conceive of citizens as genuine individual explorers on their
own personal daily life-trails, along their own life-trajectories. We must
favour their empowerment as self documenting “Citizen Scientists” qualified to
deal with own health-data, physiological data, economical data and
environmental data. We must qualify citizens as administrators of their own
health. Therefore we must motivate and equip the
autonomous individual citizen/patient to develop and maintain a most basic and
private sedimenting digital self-narrative, an electronic diary and time-indexed
database, as an empowering empirical tool, not least in health-related, body-
and domestic-habit-related matters.
The rationales behind the development of an open source freeware cross-platform
tool for this purpose were explained, the dimensions it shall be fit to
document were listed, the very preliminary library of pictographic short-hand
presented, and the overall design of the interface of the early prototype
illustrated. Long term perspectives of the project relate both to the expected
spread of bio-telemetric technologies and to interfacing personal health data
in the medical systems. Immediate short-term perspectives relate to preliminary
testing and user-driven development in a Danish senior citizen network (www.ageforce.dk), and the collective development of a new wiki: www.phenomenalog.wikispaces.com, while developing targeting for broader and more specific chronic
patient populations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The development of the concepts and the software
described was based on:
- Experimental Home Project, Department of
Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Students involved in Course of Qualitative Research Methods
- Kim Borreby, with whom I co-edited the Proceedings of the IFIP 93
International Cross-disciplinary Conference on "Home-oriented Informatics,
Telematics and automation" in Copenhagen, 1994
- A grant from Scandinavian Tobacco Company
- Early programming by Mag.art Bjørn Nake
- Extensive unpaid voluntary programming help by Steen Andersen.
- Extensive unpaid voluntary programming help by Mark
Schonewille.Economy-X-talk.com
- Advice and critique from my wife Beth Bjerg
- And occasional help, over the years, from programmers in the “Revolution”
developers community ; Sarah
Reichelt and her DateTime.rev collection, Richmond Mathewson for his Paint
widgets, Eric Chatonet, Klaus Major, Mark Talluto and others.
Appendix
A. Implemented features in the diary
Features
included in the electronic diary (numbered to facilitate further discussion):
|
Appendix
B: Desired further features of the diary
* 50) Programming the installer download process, so the number of
downloads can be counted, and e-mail address of downloader’s are obtained
|
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